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my name is Kyla Kurt I'm from the

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Astronomy Department at New Mexico State

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University I'd like to start by saying

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today was the first time I saw rain in a

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very long time it's very exciting for me

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i was talking something a little

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different everyone else this session has

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talked about exoplanets and i'll be

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changing topics totally by talking about

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planets in our solar system first like

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to start by acknowledging the many

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people who have helped me during this

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project especially my advisor non siano

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bear so here's a brief overview of what

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i'll be talking about today i'll talk

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about three types of instruments that

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we've been developing at nmsu and also

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at goddard space flight center it's an

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acousto-optic tunable filter ir

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reflectance spectrometer a two-step

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laser desorption mass spectrometer and

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they lived instrument a laser-induced

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breakdown spectroscopy alisis techniques

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and spectral on mixing technique and a

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principal component analysis to

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determine the presence of biotic

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activity and we're really trying to

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answer this question right here so how

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come by adding activity being furred

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from the results of multiple instruments

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so using these instruments in

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combination can help determine the

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presence of biotic to be better than any

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one instrument of itself so earlier we

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talked about biosignatures related to

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exoplanets and my definition of

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biosignatures is a little bit different

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we're looking for processes of

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biomineralization or really any any kind

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of evidence that shows that biotic

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activity has influenced the formation of

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these geologic samples so we're looking

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for things like evidence of trace

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minerals that indicate biotic presence

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evidence of a crystal structure that

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could indicate some kind of influence of

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biology on the profit of formation of

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these minerals and also any chemical or

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physical disequilibrium with the rest of

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the geologic environment that could

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indicate the presence of biology and the

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three types of instruments were using

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are as i said earlier an ir reflecting

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spectrometer so this produce this shows

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us the molecular absorption features

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within any kind of spectra which could

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indicate the presence of biology or just

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geologic mineralization we're also

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looking at this two-step mass

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spectrometer which produces a mass

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spectrum which shows elect

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elemental and molecular composition of a

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sample and also this lived instrument

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which gives us an emission spectrum

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which shows the elemental composition of

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a type of sample so first let's talk

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about the aocf point spectrometer which

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has been in development since about two

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thousand nine this is an interesting

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kind of spectrometer what we have is an

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IR a light source over on this end and

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after going through several optics it

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reaches this aocf crystal which is a

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tellurium oxide crystal we pulse this

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radio wave through about 30 to 80

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megahertz and each time we apply some

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kind of radio frequency the light passes

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through a certain index of refraction

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which then lands on the sample one is

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reflected back into a detector and after

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sweeping through all RF frequencies were

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able to build up a spectral image of the

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sample so this particular alt f sub

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trauma tur has a resolution of about 200

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to 400 and we are looking in the 1.6 to

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3.6 micron range which is really

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important range for looking for hydrated

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minerals or the presence of organic

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material this is a non-destructive

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technique and requires no sample

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preparation at all it's also very fast

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low-power and does not take up very much

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space the second type of instrument is

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this two-step laser desorption mass

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spectrometer this is very similar to a

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typical mass spectrometer but it has two

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lasers so the first laser is an IR laser

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which ablates some sample material from

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a surface a second UV laser intersects

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this plasma or this ablative material

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ionizing the atoms which are then

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extracted into these into this reflector

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on tube and by using the time-of-flight

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method were able to determine the mass

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to charge ratio of the particles so

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we're able to determine elemental and

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block your composition and the big

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advantage to using this type of

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technique is that the using two

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different lasers actually preserves

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these large complex biomarkers much more

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effectively than using a single laser

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for ablation and ionization at the same

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time this is also a very minimally

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destructive procedure and requires no

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sample preparation so this produces

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about a 100 micron crater on the target

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and the last type of instrument we're

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looking at is a libs instrument which

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stands for laser-induced breakdown

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spectroscopy and similarly we will use a

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UV laser to

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wait some material and the resulting

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emission spectrum from the plasma is

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collected by a spectrometer this is

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similar to the chemcam instrument that's

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on curiosity right now the big advantage

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to using this type of instrument is the

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depth profiling so by taking multiple

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shots at a sample at the same location

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you're able to sort of dig into the

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sample and look at the very near

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subsurface the type of samples were

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looking at are very diverse we're

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looking at first non biologic samples

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such as the sulfates carbonates and

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Clay's which we think could be present

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on different planetary surfaces within

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our solar system and also on earth are

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very good hosts for life we then dope

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these samples with certain biologic

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materials like amino acids or pahs and

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the type of material we're looking at or

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just these field samples so here's an

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example of desert varnish which is

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plentiful down where we live so it's

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some kind of substrate with this

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magnesium oxide crust or magnesium side

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crust sorry there are microbes within

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this surface which oxidizes the

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magnesium the rock which then gets

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excreted as this crust and we're able to

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very easily spectroscopically tell the

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difference between these types of

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surfaces and also we're looking at this

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which is a travertine sample with a

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microbial colony living within it so

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here's some very brief results showing

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the capabilities of these instruments

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this is the IR reflectance spectrometer

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results and you can see very easily

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these it's evidence for hydration in

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these sulfates and the clay minerals

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this is an example of a gypsum material

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which we've doped with two types of

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amino acids and you can very easily see

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the presence of the phthalic acid and

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valine and both of these spectra and

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here we have the laser desorption

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time-of-flight mass spectrometer results

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dope with the same types of amino acids

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showing these peaks at 116 and 165

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Dalton's which represent the more

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complex organic materials rather than

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just the typical elemental so as I

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mentioned earlier we're looking at two

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different quantitative analysis

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techniques to try and determine the

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presence of biotic activity and although

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the previous slide show good visual

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proof of concepts of these instruments

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you know having a quantity

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of analysis is much more thorough so

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we're using two types the first one is

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called the spectral mixture analysis

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technique and we'll be using the USGS

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spec PR process routines to apply this

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type of analysis to the aocf point

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spectrometer and what this basically

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does is it takes several spectral end

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members and combines them in a linear

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fashion in order to reproduce the

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reflectance spectra that we measure

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within the sample the idea here is that

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any sample we look at is really just a

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sum of a mixture of different kinds of

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reflectance spectra so after finding the

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best fit between the real and model

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spectra are you able to determine the

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relative abundances of these different

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spectral data members so there are

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several libraries available online which

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have lots of different pure samples like

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Jerry site or sulfates and we're also

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going to add to these spectral member

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libraries different types of organic

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materials and lichens that we'll be

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trying to observe the second type of

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analysis is called principal component

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analysis I'll just get a very brief

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overview of what that is so this will be

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applied to all three instruments using a

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commercial in software package called

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the unscrambler and the principal

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components are really defined as the

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dimensions within a sample set along

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which the least amount of variance

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exists this is a really simple example

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showing a two dimensional data set which

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is you know just very ambiguous and it

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shows that the first principal component

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would be along this axis and the second

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will be along this axis so this is only

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a 2d data set with the libs instrument

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for example we're looking at a 13,000

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dimensional data set which is much

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harder to visualize but the principle is

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really the same now this allows you to

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determine with the relative quantities

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of trace elements within a sample is it

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could also help you determine what the

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method of formation is based on the

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amount of energy that's necessary to

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ablate a sample and it also is able to

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ver the biologic content of an unknown

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sample so I want to show an example that

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we've taken very recently this is a very

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blurry picture of a mazda night sample

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with lichen on top of it so I've only

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shown in the picture of the lichen but

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we're essentially looking at three

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different regions of this sample we have

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a very large rock which has this lichen

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crust on it and you can see that there

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are these

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green areas some black areas and then

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not shown in the picture is the cut

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surface we've cut with the rock sauce so

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this is a very smooth surface and a

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crust without any lichen at all and when

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we apply the PC a technique to this we

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see that the different types of surfaces

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we observe break it out into these two

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differ order to these four different

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groups so down here we have the black

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lichen area over here we have the green

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like an area up here is the crust

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without any lichen that's visually

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observable and over here is the cut rock

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surface so it's difficult to just see

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what this really means unless we look at

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the what are called the loading plots

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which show how the variance is actually

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defined and in this case principal

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component one is really based on the

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amount of silicon in the sample and we

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see that the areas with lichen have much

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more silicon in them than the areas

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without lots of lichens produce a silica

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glaze over top of itself as a way of

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they think protecting it from the

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harmful UV rays so that could be what

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we're observing here and also along

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principle component two is an increase

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in magnesium or magnesium and carbon and

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that's shown that the lichen has more

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magnesium and carbon we're not quite

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sure what this could be but it's

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possible that this could indicate the

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presence of chlorophyll or chloroplasts

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which we're observing here so the

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question we're trying to figure out now

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is how to apply these results to all

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three instruments and for future

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acquisition what we plan to do is take

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institution measurements in cave regions

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so in October will be taking a GF point

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spectrometer and the libs instrument

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into snowy river cave this is in Fort

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stay in New Mexico and it's known that

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many different kinds of the speleothems

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or cave formations within this cave are

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produced through biotic means so their

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influence through microbial activity and

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we'll be trying to use these analysis

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techniques to determine which types of

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cave formations are produced through

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biology and which types are produced

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through abiotic mechanisms and the whole

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point to this or the astrobiological

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context of this is where we're trying to

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determine how each of these instruments

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can be used to look for life in the

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solar system in that

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if you are planning a roving or landing

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mission to another solar system body and

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you have an idea of what kinds of life

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you're able to find will be able to tell

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you which types of instruments or

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multiple types of instruments are best

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suited to observe those kinds of

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biological mechanisms that's it take any

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questions thank you yes now the question

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was how big does the mineral need to be

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the DA OTF basically produces that size

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limit and it has a spot size of about

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one millimeter in diameter so anything

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about twice as big as that is usually

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pretty good for us so that to start with

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to build a spectral a member library we

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use the pure minerals and we're starting

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on using these mixtures or field samples

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it's not something we thought about but

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it's something maybe we should look into

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I know those are usually used for

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sending permeable membranes I think so

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that's definitely a good indicator for

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life yes well we're not able to measure

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the different isotope ratios for carbon

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the laser desorption time-of-flight mass

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spectrometer might but the signal tone

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oysters isn't good enough for us to do

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that yes shows those in particular yeah

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can you repeat what you said about which

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amino acids you spiked your samples with

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and why you chose those particular amino

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acids sure we chose phthalic acid and

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valine and I think they were chosen

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because those were the ones we had

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available sorry can you distinguish

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between the different isomers of veiling

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with your methods I'm sorry I don't